iℏ∂∂t|ψ⟩ = Ĥ|ψ⟩
ψ(x,t) = Aei(kx−ωt)
Δx · Δp ≥ ℏ2
En = −13.6 eVn²
E = hν = hcλ
p = hλ
γ = 1√(1 − β²)
x′ = γ(x − vt)
t′ = γ(t − vx/c²)
Δs² = c²Δt² − Δx² − Δy² − Δz²
Gμν + Λgμν = 8πGc⁴Tμν
Attention(Q,K,V) = softmax(QKT√dk)V
h(l) = σ(W(l)h(l−1) + b(l))
ℒCE = −∑i yi log pi
θt+1 = θt − η∇θℒ
(f * g)[n] = ∑m f[m]g[n−m]
z = μ + σ ⊙ ε,   ε ∼ 𝒩(0,I)
θ* = arg minθ 𝔼(o,a)∼𝒟E[−log πθ(a|o)]
ℒBC = −1N∑i=1N log πθ(ai|oi)
𝒟 ← 𝒟 ∪ {(s,πE(s))}
minπ maxD 𝔼πE[log D] + 𝔼π[log(1−D)]
DKL(πE ∥ πθ) = ∑ πE log πEπθ
J(θ) = 𝔼τ∼πθ[∑t=0H γtrt]
Q*(s,a) = 𝔼[r + γ maxa′Q*(s′,a′)]
∇θJ = 𝔼[∑t∇θlog πθ(at|st)Ât]
δt = rt + γV(st+1) − V(st)
ℒCLIP = 𝔼[min(rtÂt,clip(rt,1−ε,1+ε)Ât)]
at:t+H ∼ πθ( · | It−k:t, ℓ )
z = [fv(It−k:t); fℓ(ℓ)]
p(a1:H|z) = ∏h=1Hp(ah|a<h,z)
ℒact = ∑h=1H ‖ah − âh‖²
πT(a|z) = softmax(logits(z)/T)